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Objective:To investigate the functional connectivity of default mode network (DMN) and limbic system, the expression level of inflammatory cytokine and their correlation in bipolar disorder type Ⅱ(BDⅡ) patients with depressive episodes.Methods:Thirty-three BD Ⅱ patients with depressive episodes and forty-six healthy controls were recruited to complete the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). After image preprocessing, the DMN and limbic system were extracted from the image data by independent component analysis (ICA), so as to compare the differences of functional connectivity of resting brain network between the patients and the controls.Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8(IL-8), interleukin-10(IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4) in patients and healthy controls were detected.The correlation between functional connectivity of different brain regions and inflammatory cytokines was analyzed.SPSS 17.0 software was used for data statistical analysis.The two samples were compared using t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test, and Spearman was used for correlation testing. Results:In BDⅡ patients, the functional connectivity of the right medial prefrontal cortex(cluster-size=7 voxel, cluster-level PGRF<0.05, MNI: x=6, y=54, z=9, t=-3.765) and the left superior frontal gyrus(cluster-size=10 voxel, cluster-level PGRF<0.05, MNI: x=-21, y=54, z=15, t=-4.139) in DMN decreased, while the left cerebellum Ⅳ and Ⅴ lobules of limbic system (cluster-size=21 voxel, cluster-level PGRF<0.05, MNI: x=-15, y=-24, z=-30, t=4.468) and cerebellar tonsil of left cerebellum posterior lobe(cluster-size=8 voxel, cluster-level PGRF<0.05, MNI: x=-15, y=-51, z=-45, t=4.138) in the limbic system increased.Compared with the healthy controls, the serum levels of IL-10(7.39 (6.33, 9.32) pg/mL vs 6.54 (5.84, 7.39) pg/mL, Z=-2.937, P=0.003)and CCL4 (39.31 (25.77, 68.70) pg/mL vs 31.30 (20.32, 40.89) pg/mL, Z=-2.209, P=0.027) were higher in BDⅡ patients.The functional connectivity of the left cerebellum Ⅳ and Ⅴ lobules was positively correlated with the serum levels of IL-10 ( r=0.432, P=0.031) and that of the cerebellar tonsil of left cerebellum posterior lobe was positively correlated with the serum levels of IL-10 ( r=0.429, P=0.032) and CCL4 ( r=0.402, P=0.046). Conclusion:The functional connectivity of DMN and limbic system in BDⅡ patients with depressive episode is abnormal in resting-state fMRI.The expression level of inflammatory cytokines in patients' serum increases, and has correlation with the functional connection of limbic system.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) mainly manifests as obsessions and compulsions with the characteristics of early age of onset, long illness duration, and low diagnosis and treatment rate.The development of OCD involves mutations in genes associated with the 5-hydroxytryptamine, glutamate, and dopamine systems, as well as changes in the brain structure and function.However, how the potentially pathogenic genes affect brain structure and function and lead to different clinical manifestations remains unknown.Imaging genetics has been used to study the etiological mechanisms of OCD by combining genetics and imaging to analyze the relationship between genetic variation, neurologic and clinical manifestations.As a complex polygenic disease, imaging genetics that combines polygenic association analysis with epigenetic inheritance may become a new trend and perspective to explore the mechanism of the environment-gene-brain-behavior model in OCD.Therefore, this paper reviewed the related imaging genetics studies of OCD, and provided a theoretical basis for the etiological mechanism and precise intervention for OCD.
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Major depressive disorder(MDD) is a kind of mental disorder with depression and decreased interest as the main clinical manifestations. The pathogenesis of MDD is unclear, and MDD is characterized by high incidence, high recurrence rate and high suicide rate. At present, the hypothesis of monomamine mechanism can not fully clarify its pathological characteristics, and a considerable number of patients with depression do not respond well to existing antidepressants. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist and γ-aminobutyric acid A(GABAA) receptor positive allosteric regulator have a potential rapid antidepressant effect, which may be a breakthrough in the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of depression. NMDAR has bidirectional regulation, when proper activation of NMDAR can promote dendrite development, neuronal growth and long-term potentiation, but overstimulation of NMDAR can cause toxic reaction, leading to synaptic atrophy and neuronal death. In addition, inflammation can induce changes in NMDAR function and lead to depressive symptoms. At present, ketamine, a new antidepressant NMDAR antagonist, may plays a role in rapid antidepressant and delayed recurrence of depression by increasing the release of BDNF, activating the signal pathway of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1), and promoting protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity. Thus, ketamine has the effect of rapid antidepressant and delaying the recurrence of depression. However, due to the large variability of NMDAR gene in patients with MDD, its potential functional polymorphism affects clinical symptoms and drug sensitivity. Therefore, by analyzing the latest research at home and abroad, this review comprehensively summarizes the pathogenesis of NMDAR dysfunction, the pathogenesis of MDD, antidepressant treatment and clinical application status, in order to provide theoretical basis for clinical accurate treatment of MDD patients in the future.
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This paper aims to explore the main points of diagnosis， treatment and misdiagnosis of conversion disorder characterized by paroxysmal abdominal pain. The general hospitals had a high misdiagnose rate and no effective symptomatic treatment for conversion disorder patients with physical discomfort as main symptoms， which leading to heavy physical and mental burden of patients and waste of medical resources， so this paper retrospectively analyzed the etiology， diagnostic process， treatment and therapeutic effect of a case of conversion disorder with paroxysmal abdominal pain as the main symptom. Case analysis showed that the physical discomfort as chief complain of conversion disorder patients affected the rate of early correct diagnosis and treatment， so clinicians' ability of diagnosis and differential diagnosis of conversion disorder needs to be strengthened. At the same time， cognitive behavioral therapy （CBT） is effective in the clinical treatment and recurrence prevention of conversion disorder.
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The purpose of this article is to provide references for understanding the current provision of bipolar disorder with mixed features as well as future efforts in clinical practice. The article is to review the profile of assessment， management and treatment of suicide risk in bipolar disorder with mixed features. And this review also provides a theoretical framework toward future targeted therapeutic interventions and guidance for bipolar disorder with mixed features.
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Objective To investigate the expressions of large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1) and large tumor suppressor kinase 2 (LATS2) proteins in gastric cancer tissues, and to explore the correlation between expressions of LATS1 and LATS2 proteins and the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. Methods A total of 93 gastric cancer paraffin tissues and the corresponding adjacent gastric normal mucosa in the Department of Pathology in Baotou Cancer Hospital from September 2008 to June 2010 were collected. The immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of LATS1 and LATS2 proteins in gastric cancer and adjacent normal tissues. The differences of the expressions of LATS1 and LATS2 proteins in gastric cancer and adjacent normal tissues were compared by usingχ2 test. The relationship between the expressions of LATS1 and LATS2 proteins and the clinicopathological features was also analyzed. Results In gastric cancer tissues, LATS1 was negatively expressed in 54 cases (58.1％), weakly positive expressed in 15 cases (16.1％), moderately positive expressed in 16 cases (17.2％), and strongly positive expressed in 8 cases (8.6％);in adjacent normal tissues, LATS1 was negatively expressed in 17 cases (18.3％), weakly positive expressed in 16 cases (17.2％), moderately positive expressed in 31 cases (33.3％), and strongly positive expressed in 29 cases (31.2％). The positive expression rate of LATS1 in gastric cancer tissues was lower than that in adjacent normal tissues, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=37.460, P<0.01). In gastric cancer tissues, LATS2 was negatively expressed in 28 cases (30.1％), weakly positive expressed in 17 cases (18.3％), moderately positive expressed in 33 cases (35.5％), strongly positive expressed in 15 cases (16.1％);in adjacent normal tissues, LATS2 was negatively expressed in 5 cases (5.4％), weakly positive expressed in 7 cases (7.5％), moderately positive expressed in 32 cases (34.4％), strongly positive expressed in 49 cases (52.7％). The positive expression rate of LATS2 in gastric cancer tissues was lower than that in adjacent normal tissues, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=38.275, P<0.01). The expressions of LATS1 and LATS2 were not related to patients'age, gender, lymph node metastasis, degree of differentiation and tumor diameter (all P>0.05). Conclusion LATS1 and LATS2 proteins may be involved in the occurrence of gastric cancer and have the inhibiting effect on the occurrence and development of gastric cancer.
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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders.It is characterized by emotional, cognitive, and physical symptoms which can also cause severe disability and disease burden. The current study found that patients with MDD have cognitive impairment in both acute and remission phases, which seriously affect the prognosis of patients. The impairment of visual cognitive function greatly affects the social function of MDD patients and the current researches showed that visual cognitive impairment of MDD patients is closely related to the functional connection in the brain, which can be reflected by different degrees of neuroimaging changes in the frontal, occipital, temporal, and parietal regions.The change of visual cognitive function in patients with MDD is mainly influenced by the frontal lobe and the occipital lobe, which may be related to the large number of visual cortex in the anatomy of the two brain regions. The activation of the frontal lobe may be positively related to the patient's visual cognitive impairment; the reduction of the occipital lobe activity may have an impact on the visual process and may be the starting factor for cognitive impairment. The active enhancement of the parietal region plays an important role in the visual short-term memory. In addition, the temporo-parietal junction is also found to be involved in the processing of visual and working memory, and the activation of temporal lobe and parietal lobe can be observed.This review summarizes recent researches at home and abroad and reveals the visual perception of MDD patients in different ways in each different brain regions.
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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. It is characterized by emotional,cognitive,and physical symptoms which can also cause severe disability and dis-ease burden. The current study found that patients with MDD have cognitive impairment in both acute and remission phases,which seriously affect the prognosis of patients. The impairment of visual cognitive function greatly affects the social function of MDD patients and the current researches showed that visual cognitive im-pairment of MDD patients is closely related to the functional connection in the brain,which can be reflected by different degrees of neuroimaging changes in the frontal, occipital, temporal, and parietal regions. The change of visual cognitive function in patients with MDD is mainly influenced by the frontal lobe and the oc-cipital lobe,which may be related to the large number of visual cortex in the anatomy of the two brain re-gions. The activation of the frontal lobe may be positively related to the patient's visual cognitive impairment;the reduction of the occipital lobe activity may have an impact on the visual process and may be the starting factor for cognitive impairment. The active enhancement of the parietal region plays an important role in the visual short-term memory. In addition,the temporo-parietal junction is also found to be involved in the pro-cessing of visual and working memory,and the activation of temporal lobe and parietal lobe can be observed. This review summarizes recent researches at home and abroad and reveals the visual perception of MDD pa-tients in different ways in each different brain regions.
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Objective To investigate functional connectivity between the two hemispheres in patients with positive symptoms of schizophrenia using voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity ( VMHC ) based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Methods Eighteen patients with positive symptoms of schizophrenia and 22 healthy controls underwent the rs-fMRI. The whole brain VMHC was calculated in order to provide imaging basis for the study of the pathological mechanism of schizophrenia. Results Compared to the controls, VMHC values were decreased in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex (t=-5.31, P<0.01), fusiform gyrus (t=-5.16, P<0.01), middle occipital gyrus (t=-5.31, P<0.01) in patients with positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Conclusion The functional coordination between homotopic brain regions is impaired in patients with positive symptoms of schizophrenia .
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Objective To investigate the changes of microstructure and blood perfusion of thalamus and basal ganglia in patients with untreated depressive disorder using diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) and three-dimensional arterial spin labeling (3D ASL) perfusion imaging.Methods Totally 21 untreated patients with depressive disorder (disease group) and 32 healthy volunteers (control group) underwent DKI,3D ASL and routine MR scanning were enrolled.DKI parameters (mean kurtosis [MK],axial kurtosis [Ka],radial kurtosis [Kr],fractional anisotropy [FA],mean diffusivity [MD],axial diffusivity [Da] and radial diffusivity [Dr]) and 3D ASL parameters (cerebral blood flow [CBF]) of bilateral heads of caudate nucleus,thalamus and putamens were measured and compared between the 2 groups.Results Compared with control group,Ka of left caudate head in disease group was significantly higher,while Kr was significantly lower (both P＜ 0.05).Ka of right putamens in disease group was significantly higher than that in control group (P＜0.05).Compared with control group,CBF of left caudate head and bilateral putamens decreased significantly in disease group (all P＜0.05).Conclusion Untreated depressed patients show abnormal DKI parameters and blood perfusion in basal ganglia,which indicating that microstructure integrity is impaired and blood perfusion decreases.The abnormalities in basal ganglia microstructure and blood perfusion may serve as one of the neuroimaging features of depressive disorders.
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Large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1) and LATS2 are the kinases found in recent years which can inhibit the tumor development. They are highly homologous and overlap in function. LATS1 and LATS2 proteins have been confirmed to be associated with the occurrence of multiple malignancies, including soft tissue sarcoma, leukemia, astrocytoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, etc. Studies have shown that LATS has more extensive biological functions, such as regulating gene transcription and cell cycle checkpoint, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell migration, maintaining genetic stability and regulating organ size, and loss of any one can cause a variety of biological changes. So insighting into the structure and mechanism of LATS1 and LATS2 is the key to understanding the occurrence and development of tumors. The discovery of LATS gene and the structure, expression, target and function of LATS protein are summarized in this paper.
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OBJECTIVE: Bipolar disorder (BD) is often misdiagnosed as unipolar depression (UD), leading to mistreatment and poor clinical outcomes. However, little is known about the similarities and differences in subcorticalgray matter regions between BD and UD. METHODS: Thirty-five BD patients, 30 UD patients and 40 healthy controls underwent diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) and three dimensional arterial spin labeling (3D ASL). The parameters including mean kurtosis (MK), axial kurtosis (Ka), radial kurtosis (Kr), fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (Da), radial diffusivity (Dr) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were measured by using regions-of-interest analysis in the caudate, putamen and thalamus of the subcortical gray matter regions. RESULTS: UD exhibited differences from controls for DKI measures and CBF in the left putamen and caudate. BD showed differences from controls for DKI measures in the left caudate. Additionally, BD showed lower Ka in right putamen, higher MD in right caudate compared with UD. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed the Kr of left caudate had the highest predictive power for distinguishing UD from controls. CONCLUSION: The two disorders may have overlaps in microstructural abnormality in basal ganglia. The change of caudate may serve as a potential biomarker for UD.
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Humans , Anisotropy , Basal Ganglia , Bipolar Disorder , Cerebrovascular Circulation , Depressive Disorder , Diffusion , Gray Matter , Perfusion Imaging , Perfusion , Putamen , ROC Curve , ThalamusABSTRACT
Objective To estimate the concentrations of trace element contents in plasma and serum of cases with major depression.Methods The search for all the related literatures in CBMDisc,CNKI,VIP,ScienceDirect,Medline and so on has been made.Selection criteria:examination of plasma and serum trace elements in patients with major depression and control group.Data collection and analysis:a quantitative meta-analysis was carried out by two reviewers using information based on inclusion and exclusion criteria from all papers available.Results 24 studies met inclusion criteria,all with scores of 4 or more.Zn concentration in plasma and serum of patients with major depression significantly decreased compared with that in healthy people by 2.35 mol/L,95％ CI (-2.94,-1.75) (P＜0.01).The concentration of Cu and Fe had no significant difference between the two groups (P＞ 0.05).Conclusion There were abnormal trace elements in the patients with major depression,Zn decreased,Cu and Fe mainly appeared as an unbalanced state.It is necessary to carry out more extensive research and in-depth exploration.
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Objective To identify the possible alterations of brain function in prefrontal lobes and hippocampus in the first-episode patients with positive symptoms of schizophrenia using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Methods 20 patients were selected to perform MRI and HMRS examination. Proton multi-voxel spectroscopy imaging(1 H-MRSI)was obtained from two sides of the hippocampus and frontal lobes regions. The metabolites included N-acetylaspartate (NAA), and choline-containing compounds (Cho), creatine and phosphocreatine (Cr).The ratios of NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr and NAA/Cho were determined. Results (1)The Cho/Cr ratio was significantly reduced in left frontal white matter of patients compared to right(1. 178 ± 0.210 vs 1.437 ± 0. 337). (2) There was no statistically significant difference in metabolite levels in between left anterior cingulate gray matter and right (N AA. Cr: 1. 339 ± 0.452 vs 1. 748 ± 0. 147;Cho/Cr: 1. 406 ± 0. 394 vs 1. 761 ± 0.362) (P ＜ 0.05). (3) The NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr were significantly reduced in left hippocampus of patients compared to right. Conclusion The results implicate that the metabolic abnormalities might exist in the left hippocampus and frontal lobe of schizophrenic patients with positive symptoms.
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AIM: To investigate quantitatively the tubulin expression of basal cells in patients with Alzheimer's disease(AD) and vascular dementia(VD) and evaluate its significance in diagnosing Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: ?-tubulin of basal cells was examined using LSAB immunohistochemical technique, and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by image analyzer. RESULTS: The integrated absorbance (I A ,261.43?25.21) and the average absorbance (A A ,1.89?0.14) in the AD group were significantly higher than those (I A ,120.55?19.71 and A A , 0.85?0.14, respectively)in the VD group ( P
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Objective: To investigate the marriage quality of the couples with primary male infertility in order to provide consulting for them.Methods: 37 patients with male infertility and their mates were rated by Olson questionnaire.Results: ①Compared with other married couples,the scores of satisfaction degree of marriage,communication between couples and sexual life of the couples with male infertility are higher and the mates of these patients have higher scores than those of married female in the factors of resolving conflicts,extracurricular activities,relationship with relatives and friends.②The marriage quality between the patients with male infertility and the new wedding males has no difference,and the scores of the extracurricular activities of the wives of the patients with male infertility were higher than those of the new wedding wives,and the scores of the economic arrangement were significantly lower in the patients' wives.Conclusion: Male infertility has no obvious influence on marriage quality.
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Objective: To study the relation among cognitive dysfunction, depression, and location of brain lesion in patients with their first stroke Method: Sixty-two patients with their first episode of single loci stroke demonstrated by CT scan were tested with WAIS-RC, HAMD and SSS Results: Final Intelligence Quotient (FIQ), Verbal Intelligence Quotient (VIQ) and Verbal score of WAIS-RC in patients with anterior lesions were significantly lower than those in patients with posterior lesions (P0 05) Multiple step-regression showed that depression, age and education had influence on IQ of patients Conclusion: Patients with anterior stroke has more cognitive dysfunction
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Objective:To do intelligence test in neurotics.Method:30 neurotics were tested by WAIS-RC.Results:The sub-score of digit span in neurotics was lower than norm(p